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In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes？ In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regardfor whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
61.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to ____.
A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B.view them from their own cultural perspective
C.guard against interference from their own culture
D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture
62.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach_____
A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.
D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.
63.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more ____.
A.culturally interactive
B.culture-oriented
C.culturally biased
D.culture-specific
64.The etic approach is concerned with____.
A.the general characteristics of minority families
B.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups
D.the economic conditions of different types of families
65.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in theUSAaccording to the passage_____
A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C.They don't interact with each other so much as White families.
D.They have closer family ties than White families.
ey do not actually hear every word.They also fail to understand that they integrate their knowledge about language with their experience and knowledge of such things as topic and culture, and do not need to hear to hear every word. This means that learners Often have unrealistic expectations and try to understand each word Of a listening text. As some experts point 0ut，“such total comprehension…is a misconception 0f how normal comprehension works in the native language.” Learners’anxiety may get worse when a classroom procedure does not provide adequate context for the text Or prepare the topic by activating their prior knowledge;in Other words，a procedure which asks students to“Listen to the text and then answer the questions.” This tests listening ability rather than aiming to teach it.Adults returning to English language learning whose earlier experiences have been of this nature may have developed negatlve perceptions 0f their ability as 1isteners and a maior task for the teacher will be to build confidence. This means recognizing anxiety and a major tasking care to provide positive classroom experiences.For example，the teacher needs to make sure that the pace and length of a 1istening activity is not too taxing as the concentration required in trying to cornprehend unfamliliar sounds can be tiring.
21.When they comprehend their native language by 1istening，many language learners tend to think that they_____
A.need to hear every word
B.have linguistic knowledge
C.know the culture very well
D.have some existing experience
22.According to the passage,foreign language learning depends very much upon_____.
A.native lauguage competence
B.ability to concentrate
C.experience and knowledge
D.personal preference
23.This passage is mainly about _______.
A.writing
B.speaking
C.reading
D.1istening
24.The language teacher should _______.
A.develop negative perceptions Of students’ability
B.activate the prior knowledge students have
C.refer t0 the past experience 0f adult 1earners
D.help students understand their native 1anguage first
25.The word “taxing” in the last sentence probably means
A.costly
B.demanding
C.anxious
D.interesting
Business cards are less important in American culture than they are in Asian culture. But knowing the right way to handle business cards is a useful skill wherever you are.
Requesting someone's business card is a straightforward(直截了当的、坦率的)process. You need only say: "Do you have a business card？" or "May I have your business card？"
When you want to present your own card, you can say, "Here's my card. Feel free to call me if you have any other questions." Or, you might say, "Please send the information to this address. I look forward to hearing from you soon."
It's not polite to directly refuse a request from someone for your business card. Instead, you can say, "Sorry, but I'm afraid I'm all out at the moment." or "l forgot to bring them with me."
When you do receive a card, say "Thank you" and examine it briefly before putting it away.
1.In America,().
A.one does not use business cards
B.one uses business cards everywhere
C.one uses business cards but not as often as one does in Asia
D.one uses business cards much more often than one does in Asia
2.If you know how to handle business cards, you will（）.
A.be absolutely successful
B.get help from others
C.make everybody happy
D.find the knowledge helpful
3.To politely refuse a request for business cards, you may say the following except().
A.Sorry, but I can't satisfy you
B.Sorry, but I'm afraid I’m all out at the moment
C.I forgot to bring them with me
D.Sorry, but I don't have a business card
4.From the passage we can infer that().
A.business cards are the key to success
B.business cards should be beautifully designed
C.you should always carry your business cards
D.handling business cards skillfully is important
5.The word “examine” (Line 1, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to().
A.search for
B.test
C.look at
D.research
In the United States, people greet each other with a handshake in a formal introduction. The handshake must be firm. If the handshake is weak, it is a sign of weakness or unfriendliness. Friends may place a hand on the other’s arm or shoulder. Some people, usually women, greet a friend with a hug.
Space is important to Americans. When two people talk to each other, they usually stand about two and a half feet away and at an angle, so they are not facing each other directly. Americans get uncomfortable when a person stands too close. They will move back to have their space. If Americans touch another person by accident, they say “Pardon me” or “Excuse me”.
Americans like to look the other person in the eye when they are talking. If you don’t do so, it means you are bored, hiding something, or are not interested. But when you stare at someone, it is not polite.
Learning a culture’s body language is sometimes confusing. If you don’t know what to do, the safest thing to do is to smile.25、Suppose you are meeting a new customer from the United States, how will you greet him？（）
A． Greet him with a hug
B． Place a hand on his arm
C． Shake his hand firmly
26、Suppose you are meeting a good friend from the United States, how will you greet her？（）
A． Greet her with a hug
B． Place a hand on her arm
C． Shake her hand firmly
27、If you stand too close to Americans, they will ______.
A． face you directly
B． move back
C． stare at you
28、Which of the following statements is true according to the text？（）
A． Americans stand side by side when taking with friends
B． Americans show their respect by shaking hands weakly
C． Americans like to look the other person in the eye when talking
29、If you know nothing about a culture’s body language, you can ___.
A． hide your opinions
B． smile
C． stare at others
Paragraph 1
My name is Brandon and I began Humans of New York in the summer of 2010.I thought it would be really cool to create a catalogue of New York City’s people, so I set out to photograph 10,000 New Yorkers and put their photos on a map.(1) I worked for several months with this goal in mind.(2) But along the way, I started collecting quotes and short stories from the people I met.Taken together, these pictures and captions became the subject of a blog.(3) Blogs are popular with all age groups.(4) With over eight million followers on social media, HONY now provides a worldwide audience with daily looks into the lives of strangers in New York City.It has also become a #1 NYT bestselling book.
Paragraph 2
Learning a second language can provide a deeper understanding of a foreign culture.Social habits that may not make sense to most outsiders might start to make more sense after a few vocabulary lessons.For example, I always wondered why my Dutch cousins rarely said “you’re welcome” after I said “thank you”.(1) My cousin can speak English but sometimes makes mistakes.(2) At first, I thought he was being rude, but when I learned more about his language, I realized that they don’t use “you’re welcome” the same way we do: in response to “thank you”.(3) They actually say something that translates to “If you please” when they offer you something.(4) This is one of the first things I learned about Dutch culture when I started to learn their language and it gave me a different perspective on the roles of host and guest since in Dutch the onus to be polite is on the host, and not the guest as it seems to be in English.
The survey of more than 6,000managers and employees in 26 organizations in the U.S. and Canada showed that employees and managers felt their employers did a good job explaining their performance objectives and the way their performance is measured. They were unclear, though, about how performance was related to pay. Surprisingly, employees reported they knew more about stock options at their companies and how they are determined than how base pay is. However, the results showed that base pay knowledge plays a larger role in overall pay satisfaction than do other forms of compensation, such as bonuses. Employees who had higher levels of pay knowledge showed greater overall pay satisfaction, which, in turn, was linked to higher levels of retention(聘用), commitment to the company, and even trust in management. In other words, Heneman emphasizes, ensuring that employees understand their pay is good for a company’s bottom line.
He feels that corporate culture is often a major problem in dealing with the lack of pay knowledge among workers. In many companies, it is considered taboo—or even explicitly forbidden—to discuss matters dealing with salary. In lieu of (代替) disclosing actual pay amounts of employees to others within the company, management can provide more information about pay practices and policies, such as the process used to determine salary, and the average of raises in a particular year. Workers want more than generalities; they want to know how pay policies apply to their particular situation, Heneman points out. That often means managers need to sit down with their employees one-on-one.
21. What does the North American Survey mainly suggest？
A. If the employers make their pay policy known better, the company would get more in return.
B. If the employers make their pay policy known better, they would get pay raises and bonuses.
C. If the employees know more about the pay policy of the company, they would get more.
D. If the employees know more about the pay policy of the company, they would become one in the management.
22. The employers of many companies failed to ______.
A. explain what their performance objectives were
B. explain the way performance was measured
C. explain the way performance was related to pay
D. explain how performance was related to promotion
23. Which of the following is the most important factor in overall pay satisfaction？
A. Stock options.
B. Bonuses.
C. Corporate culture.
D. Base pay.
24. The employees who understand and are satisfied with their pay would ______.
A. be willing to remain in the bottom line
B. be willing to be loyal and dedicated to the company
C. be ensured that their pay is justified
D. be ensured that their employers are worthwhile
25. What can employers do to help their employees know better how pay is determined？
A. They can shatter the taboo by encouraging discussion about salary matters among the employees.
B. They can disclose pay amounts of employees to others within the company.
C. They can talk with individual employee about how pay policies apply to his particular situation.
D. They can tell all employees the total of raises in a particular year.
